International Slave Trade Outlawed In America in 1807

The importation of African slaves was outlawed by an act of Congress passed in 1807, and signed into law by President Thomas Jefferson. The law was rooted in an obscure passage in the U.S. Constitution, which had stipulated that importing slaves could be prohibited 25 years after the ratification of the Constitution. Though the end of the international slave trade was a significant piece of legislation, it actually did not change much in a practical sense. The importation of slaves had already  been decreasing since the late 1700s. However, had the law had not gone into effect, the importation of slaves many have accelerated as the growth of the cotton industry accelerated following the widespread adoption of the cotton gin. Its important to note that the prohibition against importing African slaves did nothing to control the domestic traffic in slaves and the interstate slave trade. In some states, such as Virginia, changes in farming and the economy meant slave owners did not need great numbers of slaves. Meanwhile, planters of cotton and sugar in the Deep South needed a steady supply of new slaves. So a thriving slave-trading business developed in which slaves would typically sent southward. It was common for slaves to be shipped from Virginia ports to New Orleans, for instance. Solomon Northup, the author of the memoir Twelve Years a Slave, endured being sent from Virginia to bondage on Louisiana plantations. And, of course, an illegal traffic in slave trading across the Atlantic Ocean still continued. Ships of the U.S. Navy, sailing in what was called the African Squadron, were eventually dispatched to defeat the illegal trade. The 1807 Ban on Importing Slaves When the US Constitution was written in 1787, a generally overlooked and peculiar provision was included in Article I, the part of the document dealing with the duties of the legislative branch: Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.   In other words, the government could not ban the importation of slaves for 20 years after the adoption of the Constitution. And as the designated year 1808 approached, those opposed to slavery began making plans for legislation that would outlaw the trans-Atlantic slave trade. A senator from Vermont first introduced a bill to ban the importation of slaves in late 1805, and President Thomas Jefferson recommended the same course of action in his annual address to Congress a year later, in December 1806. The law was finally passed by both houses of Congress on March 2, 1807, and Jefferson signed it into law on March 3, 1807. However, given the restriction imposed by Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution, the law would only become effective on January 1, 1808. The law had 10 sections. The first section specifically outlawed the importation of slaves: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,That from and after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and eight, it shall not be lawful to import or bring into the United States or the territories thereof from any foreign kingdom, place, or country, any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, with intent to hold, sell, or dispose of such negro, mulatto, or person of colour, as a slave, or to be held to service or labour. The following sections set penalties for violations of the law, specified that it would be illegal to fit out ships in American waters to transport slaves, and stated that the U.S. Navy would enforce the law on the high seas. In subsequent years the law was often enforced by the Navy, which dispatched vessels to seize suspected slave ships. The  African Squadron patrolled the west coast of Africa for decades, interdicting ships suspected of carrying slaves. The 1807 law ending the importation of slaves did nothing to stop the buying and selling of slaves within the United States. And, of course, the controversy over slavery would continue for decades, and would not be finally resolved until the end of the Civil War and the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution.

The, The Goddess Of Luck And Fortune - 1199 Words

Fortuna, the goddess of luck and fortune, tops the hierarchy due to her vast effect on the fate of others. She is attributed as giving Theseus, a successful conqueror, his power, causing her to be the strongest of all. The Queen is also ranks high due to her involvement with the lusty knight’s punishment. By simply asking for rule over his fate, the king relinquishes control to her, showing her immense influence over others. She utilizes her high position to gain supremacy over others, showing her boundless strength in manipulating relationships. Wealtheow follows the Queen as she holds similar power in court albeit she has a certain â€Å"place†. Wealtheow largely dictates the court’s actions behind the scenes, declaring, â€Å"the ranks do as I bid† (1226-1231). Although others expect her to be queenly and submissive, she uses this act to cause others to fawn over and support her, allowing her to easily manipulate others. Antigone is fourth due to her r esilient agency and obstinate determination. She combats an equally tenacious Creon, fighting for the burial of both of her brothers. Refusing to follow the declarations of man over the gods, she buries her brother alone against the king’s decrees showing her unshakable agency. Grendel’s mother harbors vast physical power, allowing her to battle Beowulf, renowned for his unwavering strength. Grendel’s mother is tactical and acute when dealing with her son’s slayer, signifying mental prowess asShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sonnet 111990 Words   |  4 PagesJoycelyn Liu Miss Fortune In Sonnet 111, Shakespeare uses careful diction, descriptive imagery, and purposeful word play to illustrate how the speaker, corrupted by an unfortunate lifestyle, is hopeless and pitiful. As a result, the speaker gains the attention and favor of the reader. Beginning with the first quatrain, the speaker calls attention to the unfair life he was born into. Especially in the second line, the use of alliteration in â€Å"guilty goddess† (2) emphasizes how Fortune, mentioned in theRead More Fate and Free Will in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieved that ancestors, lesser gods, and their own chi or personal god also influenced the lives of the living. Thus, if an individual lived in harmony with his ancestors, lesser gods and ultimately Chukwu, that individual would be blessed with good fortune, health and an abundance of children. If, however, an individual lived in disharmony with the deities, misfortune and untimely death would result. (Ohadike xxxii) Free will also affected an individuals life. To an outsider, this dual philosophyRead More Women as Instigators of Tragedy in the Works of William Shakespeare1219 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Roman goddess of chastity. 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It is a story about pilgrims travelling together, who tell stories on their journey to Canterbury, to pay tribute to Saint Thomas Becket. As it is a collection ofRead MoreMy Father Is A Second Generation1600 Words   |  7 Pagesalthough Sicily is part of Italy, the two cultures are very different. One thing that is agreed upon throughout each village, settlement, town and city though is the fact that this little charm is more than just a piece of jewelry. It is also the good luck that guides us through the torment of a hard day, and brings us the peace to live comfortably. Like every culture, Italian-Americans have many of their own beliefs and wives-tails. One very familiar throughout the world is the curse of the evil eyeRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s The Roman Goddess Of Luck 1227 Words   |  5 Pagessonnet is that of Fortune. Fortune, or Fortuna, was the Roman goddess of luck; typically depicted with a blindfold covering her eyes, she was often considered capricious and fickle in terms of who she offered her blessings to and how long she offered them for. By characterizing her as mother to the children â€Å"of state,† or persons of high social status, Shakespeare is insinuating that high political or social standing is a transient state: not something that one can rely on. Fortune was also associatedRead MoreHindu Festivals846 Words   |  4 Pageshas its own tale, legend and myth to tell. The first day of the festival Naraka Chaturdasi marks the vanquishing of the demon Naraka by Lord Krishna and his wife Satyabhama. Amavas ya, the second day of Deepawali, marks the worship of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth in her most benevolent mood, fulfilling the wishes of her devotees. It is on the third day of Deepawali — Kartika Shudda Padyami that Bali steps out of hell and rules the earth according to the boon given by Lord Vishnu. The fourth day isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Poem, Disgrace With Fortune And Men s Eyes1604 Words   |  7 Pageslyric poem. Masterfully working within the tough parameters of closed form, Shakespeare strays away from typical meter and rhyme scheme only when emphasizing the true nature of the persona’s spirit. In Shakespeare’s sonnet â€Å"When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes,† the poet employs numerous poetic devices to exemplify the persona’s struggle with loneliness and self-worth, consequently weakening his faith. However, the narrator finds solace in remembrance of his love. The first quatrain ofRead More Roman And Greek Gods Essay example1482 Words   |  6 Pagesit would be due to trading or just plain traveling, the stories of their myths have crossed each other in one way or another. 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Cmlit Essay Free Essays

Van’s life is described as â€Å"most simple and ordinary and therefore most terrible† (Tolstoy 42). So what would happen when death befalls him? What would be with his material pursuits in life? Rather, what would be without a spiritual pursuit in life? As death loomed larger, Van’s focus in life changed. He started to realize the flaws in his path of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Cmlit Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now As time passed, he went from a being of self-concern to one of a spiritual concern. This concern eventually brought him to be gladdened by his death. Death is often said to be a reality. Many people fear it, but in reality it is not a bad thing. When one examines the lifestyle, one realizes that man is placed on this earth for a relatively short period of time, n relation to the existence of the world thus far and its projected existence. It would not be correct to say that one is looking forward to death, but as mortal creatures, we must contemplate death and be prepared for it, whether it be our own death, or the death of a relative or friend. One may go further to suggest that fear of death is a social construct. It may also be very dependent on on?s religious beliefs. I find it quite ironic that humans are so fixated on life which for many of us is a day to day struggle to survive â€Å"paycheck to paycheck†. When I was younger, I had a harsh lesson in death which taught me the meaning of life. Almost eleven years ago, my grandmother, who was very close with, passed away. She was very special to me because she lived very close to me and we saw each other at least twice a week. Most of my life she had lived about an hour away and only saw her once every few months, but during the last two years of her life, she lived five minutes away. She was a grandmother figure because she did anything for her children and grandchildren and hosted many family gatherings. About a year and a half before she passed away, she was diagnosed with Pancreatic Cancer. As a nouns child, I wasn’t told about this immediately. I remember being on a train from New York, back to Long Island, when my mother told me. It was a sunny day, which suddenly turned dark and gloomy after I heard this horrific news. I was sitting across from my mother as she told me. I remember asking â€Å"she will be gone? . It didn’t sink in immediately because I wasn’t ready to accept it. Remember thinking that she is still here so maybe she won’t die. What was even more striking was once I saw her after heard about this, nothing seem to have changed. She was still my grandmother, and acting like it also. I didn’t get lost in my emotions because life was the same. Cancer is an invisible malady. She looked the same last week, why su ddenly is she dying? I didn’t fully accept it until the night when she passed away. The doctors were unable to treat her and she had decided to live out her remaining days surrounded by family, in her home. Saw as she moved from a state of consciousness to a state of unconsciousness. The situation in the family turned to one of seriousness and sadness. They knew what was coming. Went into the den around eight o’clock on a Friday night. I sat down on the couch and couldn’t old back my emotions. I had seen my grandmother a minute before in the bedroom over and she was peacefully laying there. I remember wondering if she was aware of what was going on. My mother came in and sat down next to me. My mother was upset since this was her mother, but as an adult she understood the outcome months ago and had accepted it. Reality sank in for me that Friday night. Was destroyed. I realized that she had a matter Of hours left. She had done so much for our family and felt that I could have never treated her as well as she treated me. My mother calmed me down and assured me that is everything is fine. She told me about the wonderful life my grandmother lived and the impact she had on her family, friends and community. She assured me that if everyone would live such a life, the world would have no issues. I sat there and began to contemplate what I was being told. Realized that as she returns her soul to god, she will be greeted at the gates of heaven by angels welcoming her in. She will be back with her parents, brother and my grandfather who had passed away a year earlier. As reflect back on that train ride where I was told of her impending death, I ant remember how long this was before her death. I suppose that the shock caused me to be overcome by other thoughts that I didn’t retain when I was told. Also don’t remember what happened after that train ride or where we were on the train when I was told. Remember being saddened upon hearing that she was dying, but as a child, death is a foreign concept. The idea that something is final and irreversible is unfathomable by children. Children are used to seeing changes in the world without understanding why they are happening, but as time passes, these changes revert back to their original Tate in many circumstances. The phenomenon of death, which is irreversible, may be difficult to grasp when everything else lacks finality. My grandmother taught me the importance of family and proportioning in life. I witnessed as my family literally cared for her until her death which taught me a lesson in the importance of family. She taught me the importance of being a spiritual person by praying every day and making herself available whether it be day or night to help anybody in need. She taught me the importance of balancing spirituality with physicality so I will be prepared for death. How to cite Cmlit Essay, Essays

A Sad Day Essay Example For Students

A Sad Day Essay I remember when I left my country; I was so sad. That day was one of saddest I ever had. I missed my grandparents, my friends and my relatives I left Mexico. I wish I could go back soon. It was may 20, 1995 when I went to my grandparents home to see them for the last time. I was crying when I told them I am going to come here in the United States. As soon they heard what I just said; they both hugged me and began to cry with me. I was so sad that I couldnt get through the door to leave. I stayed with them for almost the whole night. Finally, when the time to leave was coming, I left them. My friends are so nice with me that it was so hard to tell them bye. They were sad as I was because we have to separate each others. I missed them a lot. Specially, I missed them when I go to play soccer with my new friends that I made here. We used to play soccer in the Plaza. I have so many relatives that are living in Mexico, and I really want to visit them. I hope I could go in Christmas. I remember how they got when I went to their home to say bye. They were a little bit upset with me because they said that I was leaving them alone. My relatives and I have such a good relationship. I love them a lot. The day May 20,1995, I wouldnt ever forget. This was one of the saddest days in whole life. I almost have five years that I havent seen my friends, relatives, and grandparents. I want to be with them again as the old times.

SAT Literature Subject Test Literary Devices Flashcard

SAT Literature Subject Test Literary Devices

Causes and Effects of the Crus essays

Causes and Effects of the Crus essays Towards 1071 AD, Seldjuk Turks had grown powerful and had started conquering the East. Christians began to find it difficult to reach the holy places during their pilgrimages. The military expeditions planned and fought by western European Christians that began around 1095 AD, are known today as the Holy Wars, or the Crusades. The purpose of these expeditions was to overtake and gain control of the holy land of Jerusalem, from the Muslims. Deus Vult, meaning God Wills It, was the battle cry of the thousands of Christians who took part in the event of the Crusades. It was Christian belief that fate was to gain control of the Holy Land for the glory of God. In the year of 1095 AD, Pope Urban II started the Crusades. On November 18, 1095 AD, Pope Urban II opened the Council of Clermont. Nine days later, the Pope made a speech just outside the French city of Clermont-Ferrand. During this speech, Pope Urban II had called the Christians to join a holy war Holy War to reclaim the Holy Lands as an act of Christianity. Pope Urban II stayed in France until September 1096 in hopes of providing leadership and control for the First Crusaders. Soon, his famous speech had begun to spread throughout the west, and many people of different social classes started joining the crusading army. For peasants, the crusade let them be free of feudal bonds. Everyone was also promised immediate salvation in heaven if they were killed in trying to free the holy land from non-Christians. This goaded many people to become part in this battle. Soon, Urban lost all control of the vast army that was far beyond his control. Therefore, he did not have to power to stop the slaughter of Jews in northern France, and so many other populations in the East and in Europe. At this time, and at the start of the crusades, the Pope had little real power over Christianity. Urban was hoping that the Crusades would help strengthen his power and ...

Topic should be something involving macroeconomics Essay

Topic should be something involving macroeconomics - Essay Example (2). 2. Growth of the Indian Economy From a pre-independence average growth of 0.9 % in the Indian economy in the first fifty years of the twentieth century, the Indian economy started to demonstrate accelerated growth in the last decade of the twentieth century, with the economic growth touching six percent. The new millennium witnessed even higher GDP growth rate at an average of 6.9% in the seven year period 2000-2001 to 2006-2007. The acceleration in the economic growth becomes even more evident in from the growth in GDP between in the four years of 2003 to 2004 till 2006-2007., where the average growth in GDP stands at 8.6%, which grew in 2005 to 2006 higher at nine percent and even higher to 9.6% in the year 2006-2007. (3). In 2006-2007 the high growth rate was maintained at 8.7%, though dropping from the high of the previous years. In 2008-2009 the real growth in GDP is estimated to remain high ranging between 8% and 8.5%. (4). Two features stand out in this acceleration in gr owth of the Indian economy. The first is that there has been a significant moderation in the volatility, with particular reference to the in industries and services sector. The second is the main driving force behind the accelerated growth has been domestic consumption, which is estimated to almost two-thirds of the total demand. (3). The strong economic activity in the last decade has received support from the strong financials of gross domestic investment and domestic savings rate. The gross domestic investment, which was 24.3% of GDP in 2000-2001 rose to 33.8% in 2005-2006. The domestic savings rates also rose from 23.7% in 2000-2001 to 32.4% in 2005-2006. Domestic savings was a critical factor in the gross domestic investment contributing about ninety percent of it. (3). In the 1990s India opened out its international trade policy, initiating reforms to create a new market oriented environment. The structural adjustments and the economic reforms that resulted from these initiati ves were to have a strong impact on the Indian economy, particularly with regard to the positive flow of foreign direct investments (FDI). (3). Table -1 shows the year wise FDI inflow into India. Table -1 FDI Inflow into India 1992-1993 to 2008-2009 Year FDI in US $ Million 1992-1993 193 1993-1994 654 1994-1995 1,374 1995-1996 2.141 1996-1997 2,770 1997-1998 3,682 1998-1999 3,083 1999-2000 2,439 2000-2001 2,908 2001-2002 4,222 2003-2004 3,134 2005-2006 2,634 2006-2007 3,754 2007-2008 1,270 2008-2009 1,447 (5). India has demonstrated better fiscal management in the new millennium that has caused a clear drop in the fiscal deficit of the Central Government and the State Governments. In 2000-2001 the fiscal deficit was 9.5%, which diminished to 6.4% by 2006-2007. (3). However, this rosy picture on the fiscal front has changed since the economic recession, which has forced the government to take money spending initiatives to stimulate growth in the economy, besides the political compuls ions of an election year. The forecast of the Central Government on the fiscal deficit for the year 2008-2009 is 6% of GDP. This is well above the targeted fiscal of 2.5% for the year 2008-2009 and is a cause for concern on the health of the Indian economy. (6). The growth of the Indian e

Week 5 d1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 5 d1 - Essay Example Because of this, organizations can develop efficient and productive business process, which meets the expectations of the market. Management integration brings all operations under one roof or umbrella, which is the core in developing parameters for improvements as well as checking the progress (TechNet, 2014). Additionally, management integration helps in network management by event monitoring, security and reviewing performance (TechNet, 2014). It becomes easier to monitor the performances of an integrated management because all the departments are together. Similarly, it allows for automatic reporting that is vital to making the organization to progress (TechNet, 2014). Lastly, management integration assists in network management by offering support response as well as alert services that an organization may require at any given time (TechNet, 2014). It allows for timely delivery of information or critical data as may be needed at any given time to assist the organization is meeting the goals. For instance, Integration with IBM NetView network management system is essential in automatic reporting (TechNet, 2014). There are also other network management services, which offer different services required by the

The Development and Acceptance of Labor Arbitration Essay

The Development and Acceptance of Labor Arbitration - Essay Example The regulations set in this case do not allow for concessions, therefore it sets clear guidelines to ensure that the bargain is done in good faith and to the benefit of both parties. Arbitration process involves the appointment of a third neutral party (an Arbiter) who will be charged with the duty of holding formal and informal hearings concerning the differences. The Arbiter will then from the facts drawn from the hearings make a conclusion that binds the two warring factions. His decision must be respected as it is enforceable by the law (Coleman, 1997, pp.36-38). This research paper will look into the historical context of the development and acceptance of the arbitration process in the labor field, particularly during the period and prior to WW II and through the war. The paper will also look at one significant case (Morse's Leadership) which resulted into a great impact on the management of labor relations in the past. Arbitration is as old as humanity and has been used in the world over to settle disputes between people and even among nations at war. This paper will zero in on industrial labor arbitration between employers and employees prior and during World War Two. The concept of arbitration was used to prevent the differences between the parties from escalating into chaos and turning tragic due to workers' strikes. The concept became a vital requirement in the 20th Century with the rapid industrialization and formation of labor unions (Hinchcliff, 1991, p.231). In the United States, it started in1935 with the passage of NLR (National Labor Relations) Act and proceeded into and during the WWII. President Roosevelt Franklin saw the need to help iron out the differences in industries that produced steel and other war materials so that the ensuing labor differences may not escalate and lead to shortage war paraphernalia (Hinchcliff, 1991, p.251). Far much more than the World War One, the World Wa r Two involved aggressive commitment of all nations in the globe. The whole human resources as well as the economic resources were directed to combat the vice. Both combatants and the non-combatants were affected and the expansion of the battle field to cover the enemies' boarders dealt a big blow to the world economy. The ability of a country to survive the war was therefore determined by its capacity to handle industrial and personnel requirement during the Great War. These two sectors which were already strained the war only aggravated the situation. There was a need to keep the human capital under control and at the same time produce enough to run the demands of the war. At its infancy, the law was never at all friendly with arbitration of any form. It was viewed by many as a means of overshadowing and usurpation of the judiciary. The courts were very hostile with it establishment. Their view was that the system was geared to drive them from the office and be rendered jobless through complete ousting of the jurisdiction process (McKelvey, 1957, p.14). To counter the new development, the courts declined to order specific performances of an executor for arbitration and also refused to allow for anything over the nominal damages for a breach of an

Organisation And Behaviour Report Management Essay

Organisation And Behaviour Report Management Essay This report will discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in periods of change, it compare the application of different motivation a theories within the workplace and the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers. However, this report also explains the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations; the factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations and evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within an organisation. The organisations that this report will focus are Tesco and Asda. Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in periods of change Leadership is an association through which one person influences the behaviours of other persons in an organisation. Motivation is the process by which the behaviour of an individual is influenced by others, through their power to offer or withhold satisfaction of the individuals needs and goals. (BPP Learning Media, 2010) Leadership styles and their impacts on motivation: Leadership is about influencing, motivating and inspiring people. The essential job of management is the well-organised and effective use of human resources for the attainment of organisational targets. Effective using of human resource cannot be achievable without motivate the employees of the organisation. Therefore, to motivate the employees, leadership styles play a significant role because they make the company culture that influences the organisation and its performance. There are different types of leadership styles and each type has its own impact on motivation in work organisations and those are autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire leadership. Autocratic leadership: The autocratic leadership style is one which leaders have absolute power over their workers or team. They tell people what to do instead of asking for employees opinions or suggestions. For example, Tesco use autocratic leadership because the company needs too or the tasks won not be approved out inside the business. Tescos autocratic leaders give employees their role and responsibilities. This can give their business clear route but it may also guide managers to overlook input from their teams. It is important when Tescos business faces a critical situation or when an immediate problem occurs that requires an urgent reaction. Autocratic leadership style allows Tescos managers to make most functioning decisions. For example, if an accident happens in the store, manager might take control to ensure a quick and co-ordinated reply, and they have the right to make the last decision. However, Tescos managers are attempting to convince their teams to accept their opinion. Also their manage rs get the opinions of the lower staff before taking a decision. So if they did not use autocratic then Tescos wouldnt be run sufficiently. Democratic leadership: Although democratic leaders make the last decisions, they call other members of the team to add to the decision-making process. For example, Tesco accepts democratic leadership to boost job contentment by involving team members, and helps to develop peoples skills. Under this leadership style, Tescos staffs feel esteemed, that is why staffs are encouraged to work hard by more than a monetary remuneration. Tesco chooses leadership roles to staffs in the organisation so that everyone is clear about their responsibilities, to implement the strategic decisions through efficient communication and doing a follow up on the employees to ensure that they providing quality services. This increases team motivation and encourages creativity. Laissez-faire leadership: Is a style where the manager observes that members of the group are working well on their own (Mullins, 2005). Tescos managers adopted laissez-faire leadership, where they give all authority and power to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. Working under laissez-faire leadership style, employees can improve their communication skills, teamwork skills as well as enhance loyalty and responsibility. See Tescos all leadership styles in (Appendix 1) Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Motivation theories can be classified extensively into two different viewpoints. See content and process theories of motivation in (Appendix 2). Content theories emphasis on what motivates individual and process theories emphasis on the real process of motivation. Motivation is complex. Its influenced by withdrawals and reinforced by multiple factors. According to classic motivational theorists such as Maslow and Herzberg, human beings have a set of needs or desired outcomes and will act in such a way to fulfil them while other motivational theorists such as Victor and Locke argued that the informed expectations and particular targets will become motivator factors that lead humans to act and work in order to reach desirable goals. Maslow puts forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work, see (Appendix 3). There are two things to remember about Maslows model. First, employee must satisfy lower level needs before they seek to satisfy higher level needs. Second, once they have satisfied a need, it no longer motivates them; the next higher need takes its place. In other hand, Herzberg theory suggests that there are two basic needs of individuals such as hygiene factors (environmental factors) and motivation factors, see (Appendix 4). Herzberg outlines the main issues concerning motivation: those factor that motivation employee in the workplace (motivation factors) and those factors that prevented job dissatisfaction (hygiene factors). Herzberg encouraged leaders to study the job itself rather than conditions of work. Porter and Lawler argues that human act according to their conscious expectations that a particular behavior will lead to specific desirable goals, see (Appendix 5). Three component of expectancy t theory are: E P (Expectancy): The employee believes that his/her efforts will result in acceptable performance. P R (Instrumentality): the employee believes that acceptable performance will lead to the desired outcome or reward. R (Valence): the employee values the reward. P 494 Comparing to other theories, Locke theory suggests that motivation and performance will be high if individuals are put specific objectives which are difficult, but accepted and where comment is given on performance. See (Appendix 6). Practical implication for the manager of goal theory include: the need for systematic identification of specific performance goals. The need for goals to be challenging but realistic; the importance of complete and accurate feedback on results and the need for goals to be determined either by a superior or by the individuals themselves. However, according to McGregor theory, manager of organisation posses two different assumptions about the human nature and s/he explained these two assumptions in two different theories: Theory X and Theory Y. According to theory X, the human being has always being inherited for the disliking of the work. They always try to avoid the work either they can do or not. According to him, managers always think that their employees are lazy. Manager has to forced, direct and controlled his people to do work. For example: Tesco use two motivation hierarchies (Maslow and Herzberg), see both hierarch in (Appendix 7 and 8). Tesco use Maslow theory because it suggested them if they achieve one level then it motivates them to achieve the next. Also Tesco aims to motivate its staffs both by paying interest to hygiene factors and by enabling satisfiers. For example, it motivates and empowers its staffs by suitable and opportune communication, by giving responsibility and involving employees in decision making. They forums this in which staff can be part of the discussions on pay rises. This shows credit of the work that staffs do and rewards them. Tesco staff can even control what food goes onto its restaurant menus. Employees consequently become motivated to make choices that will increase their use of the restaurants. In other hand ASDA believe in McGregor theory y. They completely have a positive approach towards their employee handling. They create awareness between their employees to gather information about different fields. The employees working as ASDA either individually or working as a team learn to face challenges. The different method adopted by ASDA is that they make different teams and make them competitor between themselves by providing the same task and hence see their performance by the results gained for the improvement of the company. Theory X does also apply to ASDA, especially where staffs are concerned. The emphasis is on the use of money and control to encourage employees to perform in the correct manner. In addition to this, ASDA give time and a half pay to employees on Sunday as a motivation. Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers. Motivation is to encourage people to work, independently or in teams in the ways such as to create best results. It is the desire to apply high levels of attempted towards organisational aims, conditioned by the attempts and capability to satisfy some individual need. Motivation is apply to the whole class of drives, desires, needs and wishes. Managers motivate their subordinates is to say that they do those things which they hope will satisfy these desires and compel the subordinates to perform in a desired method. The most important task of management is to motivate others. It comprises the abilities to communicate, to set an example, to challenge, encourage, getting feedback, to develop and train, to inform and to provide a just reward. See motivation process on (Appendix 9). Employees have to be treated with diligence. The manager has to stay friendly as well as maintain a level of distance with his/her staff. It is a tricky ground to tread. The staffs look up on the manager as their leader. They expect maturity, rationality and understanding from their superiors. Simple things like calling people by their first name, chatting or even a general inquiry about their well-being, brings in a feeling of belongingness. All the employees in the organisation vibrate to a different place. A treatment that motivates one may not motivate the other. Understanding the difference in character and temperament in between the individuals is important. Managers set reasonable goals. Planning too high task creates a feeling of non-achievement, right from the beginning itself. The goals set should be such which looks feasible to the staffs to be achieved. A slightly higher target than expected provides a challenge. Explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organisations The term group can be defined as two or more persons interacting and working together for a common purpose. When people work in groups rather than as individuals, the goals of the organisation can be easily achieved. However, working in a group is a complex task. Group dynamics refers to the interactions among the members of a group. A work group of an organisation is the most important base for the social identity of employees in that organisation. Therefore, performance at work and relationships outside the organisation are influenced by the nature of groups in the organisation. Nature of Groups: Different kinds of groups are created to get specific results in organisations. The members accept a common task, become mutually dependent in their performance, and interact with each other to promote its achievement. There are three views on the nature of interaction between members of a group. The first view is the normative view, which describes how to carry out activities and manage a group. According to the second view, group dynamics includes of a set of techniques which include, role play, team building, sensitivity training and self-managed teams. The third view explains group dynamics from the point of view of the internal nature of the groups. The structure of groups and performance are discussed in this view along with the effect of groups on individuals, other groups, and the complete organisation. Dynamics of Group Formation: Organisations form groups for a variety of reasons. Different classical theories of groups attempt to explain why managers form groups. The theory of proximity suggests employees closeness as the reason because individuals who working at places located close to one another tend to form groups. According to balance theory, group formation results from the resemblance of attitudes and values between members. Individuals with common interests sustain their relationship by an equal balance between their attitudes and common interests. Another theory of group formation is the exchange theory. It suggests reward-cost outcomes of interaction as the reason. By becoming members of a group, individuals complete their need for association. Formal Groups: A group formed by the organisation to achieve a specific task is termed as a formal group. The organisation structure a formal group and gives tasks and responsibilities to different members with the intent of reaching organisational aims. Command groups and task groups are examples of formal groups. A command group is relatively permanent in nature and finds representation in the organisation chart. Task groups, on the other hand, are formed for a specific task and are temporary in nature. Informal Groups: Informal groups are formed by the staffs themselves. The reasons for the formation of informal groups can be the need for closeness, ordinary interests, growth or support. There are two types of informal groups: friendship groups and interest groups. Members of friendship groups have a friendly relationship with each other, common interests and are similar in age and view, but interest groups are formed to manage an activity and are temporary. The Five-Stage Model: According to the five-stage model of group development, all groups pass through the forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning stages. Forming: This is the first stage of group formation where members aim to identify acceptable behaviour in a group. The members try to format their behaviour so as be a part of the group. Storming: In this stage, disagreements about leadership between members might give leads to other involvements. By the end of this stage, a comparatively clear structure of positions in the group emerges. Norming: This stage of group increases a sense of comradeship in members through the development of close relationships. Performing: In this stage, members of the group show committed performance to achieve aims defined in the norming stage. Adjourning: This is the last stage for provisional groups such as task groups or committees formed to do some tasks. After this stage, the groups stop to exist. While some of the members may feel happy about the achievements, others may be unhappy that they will lose friends after the group disperses. The effectiveness of groups is supposed to increase through the stages. Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations An effective team is one that achieves high level of task performance, member satisfaction, and team viability. There are a number of factors that are required to develop effective teamwork, and those factors are: good leadership, effective communication, diversity and plan for disagreement resolution. Leadership is one of the most important parts of teamwork. This means that the team leader have the ability to create and sustain a working culture that is positive, which in turn will help to motivate. For example, Tesco have good leadership and this helps them to motivate and even inspire the team members to get involved in creating a positive working environment, along with high levels of obligation. Tescos team leader not only focuses on their own aim and direction of the team, but also makes sure that the other members of the team share this focus. Also they are capable to promote a high level of morale between the team members so that they feel supported and valued. Tesco train their employees to have good and effective communication because communication is a very important factor of interpersonal interaction. Therefore, one of the key facets of teamwork is open communication, wherein it enables members of the team to expressive their feelings, plans and shares their ideas, and understands each others viewpoints. Also in case of poor communication observed Tescos leaders work around the aspect and make way for effective communication between the team members. Diversity also promotes creativity, innovation, and raises Tescos awareness and respect for differences, which will support effective teamwork. However, team members have a way of saying their opinions without fear of causing offense to anyone. In fact, it is recommendable for the team leader to actually sit with the parties in disagreement and work out the differences between them. However, teamwork can only come about when the team leader sets a task, which can be following by the team members. Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation New technology has been introduced into the workplaces. Many organisations see new technology as the means to increase profit and to stay competitive in a marketplace. For example, at Tesco, IT is at the heart of everything they do to make shopping better for customers. New technologies can free up Tescos staff capacity, increase job satisfaction through better communication and improve role responsibilities, by giving different grades of staff an opportunity to take part in new tasks. On the positive side, new technologies have an impact on how staff can be trained and updated. Examples include simulation technology, accessing information via handheld devices, interactive DVDs and online training. Tesco use online technologies because it is easier for staff to access information, share good practice and keep up to date with new research. The use of new technologies can improve and in some cases hinder team functioning. As technology changes teams must update and maintain their knowledge in order to function effectively. E-mail, Mobile phones, groupware and computers are technologies which have improved team functions within an organisation. Tesco use these technologies to improve team functions. Email allows staffs to communication with each other from different place which means that Tesco team members do not need to be in the same place at the same time in order to communicate effectively. They use mobile phones because it allow teams to communicate even when team members are out of the office or otherwise unavailable. However, Tesco use personal computers because it allows their team members to carry out different tasks and communicate more effectively. IT systems play a key role in helping Tescos deliver strong profits and they improved scanners, better self service tills, and checkout cameras were helping it reduce queues. Self-service checkouts now account for a fifth of all of Tesco transactions. Recommendation: This recommendation allowing British Airways and Coca Cola Conclusion: After studying and a analysing the results of this report show that there are

Spinal Cord Injury Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Spinal Cord Injury Spinal cord injury is a serious problem that effects close to 250,000 people in the United States with 10,000 people being injured per year . There are many things that can lead to spinal cord injury, including athletic injuries, car accidents, and recreational activities like swimming and biking. It primarily effects those between the ages of 16 and 30 and drastically effects the rest of their lives. It is a very debilitating injury that requires extensive medical care, often leaves the patients in a great deal of pain for the rest of their lives(2), and the treatment of which costs $10 billion dollars a year in the US.(facts from site 1) With all of these factors spurring research on there is a strong drive to find a cure for such a devastating injury. Spinal cord injuries can happen anywhere along the spinal cord, but the exact location of the trauma determines the effects that the injury will have. Injuries in the lower back, between the Sacrum(S1-S5) and Lumbar(L1-L5) vertebrae mainly effect the legs. Breaks in the Thoracic(T1-T12) vertebrae, located in the middle of the back, effect the torso and portions of the arms. While injuries in the spine above the shoulder blades, the Cervical(C1-C8) vertebrae, effect not only movement in the neck, but functions such as breathing, speaking, and eating. In the past, some functions have been able to be regained by some individuals, but after the initial recovery period most people see little improvement over the course of their lives. The main reason for such a poor recovery is that the nerve cells in the spinal cord do not regenerate on their own. Once the spinal cord develops, two things keep it from growing. One of which is an inhibitor protein and the ... ...en very bleak in the past, major hurdles have been overcome and science is now working on a way to help people recover from their injuries instead of teaching them how to live with them. Web Sites used in this Paper (1) Welcome to the American Paralysis Association - APACURE.COM http://www.apacure.com/mainfram.html -This site contains a short video on axon degeneration and an animated illustrations on the process of death and regeneration in nerve cells. (2) Theories on the Effects of Acupuncture on the Nervous System Emma Christensen, [deals with concepts of pain] http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro98/202s98-paper1/Christensen.html (3) Spinal Cord Injury - - Research Highlights http://www.nin ds.nih.gov/healinfo/disorder/sci/scispec.htm (4) Spinal Cord Injury Center http://www.med.nyu.edu/clnre s95/spincord.htm

Writers Goal

Eng. 286 Essay #3 March 1, 2013 The Writer’s goal â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant The necklace by Guy Maupassant is a story about a woman who was pretty and charming but she married poor. She wasn’t satisfied with her life and always wanted to live like the rich. Her husband did all he could to keep her happy. One day he brought home an invitation to attend a ball hoping this will delight his wife since she like to be fancy and rich. However his wife almost turned down the invitation because she didn’t have anything to wear.He was able to get her new clothing for the ball and to finish her outfit she borrowed a diamond necklace from a friend to wear to the ball. They had a great time at the ball however she lost the diamond necklace. She and her husband had to work hard and spend all their life savings to replace the necklace. At the end of the story, the woman ran into her friend she borrowed the necklace from and learned that it was a fake neckl ace instead of real diamonds.This is a very entertaining story and the writer was able to make the readers understand the deep and hidden meaning of events and because of that I agree that Maupassant ultimate goal is achieved through symbolism. I agree that the writer’s goal was accomplish because through symbolism of a necklace, Maupassant was able to reveal the moral of the story. We see in the story that the main character who was obsessed with her look wasn’t satisfied with her life. She had a good husband who cared for her and did everything to make her happy.She did not see that. This can be applied to reality in the sense that we get caught up with what we look like or what we are wearing, that we go to lengths to make it happen. Through the symbol of a necklace, the author was able to convey to the readers the theme that vanity is worthless and there’s a price to pay for vanity and that we should be grateful for what we have. We also see in the story tha t obsession with vanity have a price to pay. The main character and her husband had to slave for the rest of their life to pay back for the borrowed necklace.If she had gone to the ball with what she had, than this wouldn’t have happened. One can relate this to their life in the since that if you become obsess with how you look than there’s a price to pay. Beauty doesn’t come cheap. Through the symbolism of a necklace the author was able convey many themes to his readers. He was able to reach his readers on many levels that they could relate to and learn. By him doing this, I can agree that his goal was accomplish. I think that this is realistic fiction. Maupassant through the use of a necklace was able to convey to his readers different themes they can relate to.He convinces reader that vanity is worthless, there’s a price to pay with vanity and that one should be grateful with what they have. Instead of fabricating an adventure and spinning it out in a way that keeps it interesting till the end, Maupassant was able to pick up the main character at a certain point of her existence and carry her by natural transition. He also showed how her mind was modified under the influence of environmental circumstances and her passion was developed. Because of this I agree that he achieve his goal.

Harris Seafood Essays

Harris Seafood Essays Harris Seafood Paper Harris Seafood Paper | |Harris Seafoods Inc. | Memorandum To:Mr. Charlie Harris II, CEO From:student 103 CC:Professor Date:11/22/11 Subject:Harris Seafoods Inc. : Processing Plant Project Analysis and Recommendation Your immediate attention is requested. We would like to take this opportunity to discuss our team valuation of accepting Processing Plant Project. We value that Harris Seafoods has evolved into one of the largest producers of frozen shrimp in the United States. We are impressed by company’s remarkable high return on equity of 39% after-tax. Our analysis of the Processing Plant Project will help you make a well informed decision and additionally, it will provide an action-oriented recommendation. We will first identify key issues and risk involved followed by financial support of the project. Our analysis is supported with financial measures of NPV, IRR, CAPM theory and WACC to illustrate if accepting Processing Plant Project would provide acceptable required rate of return for Harris Seafoods. Key Issues and Risk: The processing Plant proposal would allow Harris Seafoods to seize the opportunity to expand into shrimp production and sales while utilizing its resources effectively. The expansion in shrimp processing facility would permit the company to grow in terms of return on investment. However, we would like to highlight various risk exposed to Harris Seafoods Inc by accepting the project. We believe that by accepting the project would affect Harris Seafoods high return on shareholder’s equity. Issues in Shrimp Industry: : The Shrimp Industry appears to be uncertain in terms of shrimp supply. The shrimp beds in the waters off Texas and Mexico were over fished, resulting in it becoming increasingly difficult to find shrimp as stated on page two. It exposes Harris Seafoods to the risk of shortage in shrimp supply. The price of shrimp is determined by the size, the value of the catch and production levels are beyond management’s control. The price risk is vital to consider. The demand for shrimp is affected by the cyclical swings due to changes in the economy which also impact prices. As a result, the changes in supply leads to an increase in shrimp imports into the US since foreign competitors tend to have lower costs than fisherman within the US. Another major issue is the unpredictable shrimp supply. The supply of shrimps is risky due to the danger of being destroyed from oils spills from offshore drilling activity. Harris Seafoods also faces an existing threat with territorial limitations since most countries of the world have established 200-mile boundaries, as a result it limits the number of overseas boats allowed to fish in boundaries areas. One more issue and risk to consider is fluctuating and irrepressible cost of fuel expense for operating of boats and equipments. The Processing Plant Project: The processing plant proposal seem attractive and if Harris Seafoods decides to expand its operations in shrimp processing, the project will cost $7 million and can be completed by the first quarter of 1981. However, we encourage Harris Seafoods to consider if accepting the processing plant would meet Harris Seafoods required rate of return on shareholder’s equity. Using WACC, we determined discount rate of 15% 20%, the discount rate that company is expected to pay for all its bonds and stockholders to finance its assets. Using the long-term government bond as a bench mark, we concluded that risk free rate, an acceptable required rate of return, to be above 13. 521%. The inputs for WACC were 30% debt to a 48% tax rate which concluded to be 15%. Please note that 39% required rate of return from Harris Seafoods is very high and not common. Therefore, we feel that 18% rate of return is acceptable using CAPM. We calculated Required Rate of Return by using Capital Asset Pricing Models with inputs of treasury long-term government bonds (9. 44%), return on equity- all US manufacturing companies (16. 3%), and Harris Seafood’s beta (1. 25). Please be advised that 1. 25 beta for Harris Seafoods equity, but we acknowledge that true beta of the project is uncertain because of finding a market portfolio with similar risk is hard to find. In addition, the Return on Equity at 15%, we took the discount rate and applied it to the Free Cash Flows to get a Net Present Value. The Internal Rate of Return of the project was 15%. To compensate Harris Seafoods for the opportunity cost and risk of not investing in lowest required rate of return plus risk premium for individual’s required rate of return, we will use WACC of Harris Seafoods. Our Recommendation: We recommend based on economical analysis determines that accepting processing plant project is not viable to meet the minimum required rate of return set by the Harris Seafood Inc. for shareholder’s equity. Your concerned about accepting this project would reduce the company’s high rate of return on invested capital is absolutely correct after this analysis. The Free Cash Flow provides a possible scenario of receiving certain principle and interest payments that Harris may receive. Please be advised that our Cash Flow projects and forecast provides great uncertainty, consequently we compensate that uncertainty with the discount rate of 15%, the higher discount rate resulted in lower present value which means our project will be worth less. Please keep in mind that a negative NPV does not ultimately define poor investment, but rather, from an economic perspective a negative NPV signifies the investment will not return the expected required rate of return or neither will it compensate for opportunity cost missed as an investment elsewhere. Our Free Cash Flows concludes that Harris Seafoods would experience negative Free Cash Flow in 1980 of $10,035. 00 and continues to experience negative free cash flow for following years up to 1986, which results in negative present value. However, 1981 Harris Seafoods took a tax credit in the amount of $650,000 that declined present value for the years. We don’t recommend investing in the Shrimp Processing Plant because of the tax incentives offered by Brownsville, Texas. We also suggest Harris Seafoods to consider industry (supply and demand) risk, oil price risk, cycle risk, import and export risk, weather risk, and operating (oil-spill risk and storage cost) risk. Harris Seafoods has been successful, profitable, and maintained a high required rate of return. Although, we recognize by diversifying business risk by investing in processing industry would allow Harris Seafoods expand in business operations. In addition, we highly want Harris Seafoods to contemplate the critical risk factors of supply, demand, and price of Shrimp. We hope this analysis and recommendation is adequate. If you have any question, please free to contact any of our team members.

Analyse, deliver, evaluate and reflect a teaching experience in clinical placement The WritePass Journal

Analyse, deliver, evaluate and reflect a teaching experience in clinical placement Introduction  Ã‚   Analyse, deliver, evaluate and reflect a teaching experience in clinical placement Introduction  Ã‚   REFERENCES.Related Introduction  Ã‚   The aim of this essay is to   analyse, deliver, evaluate and reflect a teaching experience in clinical placement. So also as utilising appropriate theories to support my preferred method of   teaching and how the teaching   session was delivered.   I will also   consider in my   discussion the role of teaching, learning and supervision session evaluation and personal evaluation. I   organised a teaching package   that   is beneficial to   nursing staff, support workers, students, healthcare assistants and all teaching staff   within my placement that are willing to increase their knowledge and skills ,most especially confidence in this area.   I     designed   a teaching session which would   permit   for different learning needs and styles to be   considered .   The course objectives (Armitage et al, 2003) were   identified   as: understand   the clinical use of   the effectiveness and limitation of ECT, demonstrate an understanding of   the history of ECT. It is essential that you     know where learning finishes and what you would like your learners to know   after   learning   come to an end. The outcome of learning and the   Course objectives, provide a clear stop   point for a teaching session (Reece and Walker, 2003). Because   individual learner have their systematic ways of learning, introducing different styles of teaching     can be used to meet the different needs and preferences of individuals. According to   Ã‚  Kolb   ( 1984 )there are four learning styles which learners learn better  Ã‚   diverger: this learner learns better by undergoing an experience and then reflecting upon it,  Ã‚   Assimilator this learner prefers to observe and think,   converger: this learner like to   think while   doing   and   accommodator: they   learn best through action, by doing and feeling. Honey and Mumford (quote in Hillier, 2002) also identify four learning styles. They   developed this further, using an 80 item questionnaire   they were able to identify individual   learning styles that are important,   based on Kolbs’, but renamed ‘activist’ : these learners enjoys immediate experience but becomes bored easily, ‘reflector’ : collects information and is a thoughtful listener, ‘theorists’: these are learner that likes to analyse,   and   ‘pragmatists’: these are learners who like to try out ideas and theories.   Experimental.   According to   Armitage et al (2003) effective learners have skills in each of these areas, but to varying degrees. Fleming identified different learning styles based on how information is presented, such as the auditory learning style (Fleming and Baume, 2006).   Other   styles   identified by Fleming is the visual styles.   Fleming created a questionnaire which aimed to identify the learners   preferred learning style.   This questionnaire was later updated to include the read / write style as Fleming identified that some learners visual preference is for pictures, graphs, maps etc. whereas others is for written word (Fleming, 2009).   Fleming and Baume state that understanding learning styles can improve learning by matching strategies with styles (2006). Learner   have different way of   learning styles, and different stage of understanding (Hillier, 2003. Reece   and Walker, 2003).   Individual   learner also has specific goals and expectations (Armitage et al, 2003). I decided   not to utilise the   questionnaires among the groups because l felt it will be of more benefit in one to one teaching rather than in a group setting .  Ã‚   variety in teaching methods has   provide to be   greatly effective using a variety of media in a teaching   session promotes interest and motivation.   Ã‚  By utilising media aimed at multiple senses there is ‘a greater likelihood that the learner will perceive what is intended’ (Reece and Walker, 2003: 159).   I decided to make the attendance at this teaching session optional, As motivation is an essential aspect in the effectiveness of learning (Armitage et al, 2003). My chosen topic for my teaching session was Electro- Convulsive Therapy ( ECT).   The rationale for choosing this topic is because l have observed that it is an intervention commonly used in   the clinical practice area and because of its controversial description in psychiatry. I     will be exploring in a critical manner the clinical use of the effectiveness and limitation of ECT.   Ã‚  I structure the objectives of the teaching session with consciousness to time an attention span because l learnt that the average student attention span is between twenty minutes after which learner find it difficult to concentrate on the teaching     Penner (1984). According to   Erickson and Strummer,(1991) recommends that special attention and time to   preparation, illustration and demonstration in other to be   able to respond to student confusion or questions. Shulman, (1987) also   stated that an important characteristics of an effective teacher is the ability to take di fficult concepts and transform them in such a ways that students can understand through the use of examples,   metaphors ,and   analogies . I sent e-mail to all the nursing staff and the administration staff   few   weeks prior to my teaching session inviting them to attend my teaching session. I ensure that l got a suitable environment for my teaching ,   in   order to facilitate my teaching session   I required somewhere where I could expose my learner to some theories. According to Spouse (1998), the environment used for learning   can   have   influence   on   the learners interest to the teaching and how they develop their practical skills   development. Having   this   in mind, I considered   an area free from noise and where there is no   distraction which will benefit   my teaching delivery. I was lucky to find the training room vacant with the help   of   the   nurse manager, a quiet area where my learners could become engaged within the relative safety of a restricted audience, limited to only those within a teaching/learning capacity (Spouse, 1988).Another thing that l knew it helped my teaching was the learners feeling of safety within   the   environment use , it enhanced the learner and general experience. On the day of my teaching session, I organized my teaching session notes, read through them for     grammatical errors, and read through the teaching     handout for   some   additional points that needed to be added or removed. There was   cross   ventilation   in   the room and l made sure that there was enough water, cups   and snacks on a table for the comfort   and convenience of the staff.   I ensured that the environment was conducive for everyone. It was also explainable to   another   person ,meeting the needs of learners whose preferred style is auditory / verbal (Reece and Walker, 2003). I used Microsoft power   point   which allowed me to do my presentation in a way that met the needs of     auditory and visual learners   as I could include written information alongside information presented in pictorial and video format, which also meets the needs of the read / write style identified by Fleming (2009). Moreover, ,l gave out   handouts summarising the main points support this method (Hillier, 2002) and also meet   the needs of learners whose preferred learning style is a combination of visual and verbal (Reece and Walker, 2003). I then proceed   by introducing the topic I chose to teach, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an extremely effective method of treatment for severe depression, that   does not respond to medications or other forms of treatment (Nancy and James 2002).   The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2003a) defined Electro convulsive therapy (ECT) as a medical treatment for severe mental illnesses in which a small, carefully controlled amount of electricity is introduced into the brain and used in conjunction with anaesthesia and muscle relaxant medications to produce a mild generalised seizure .Guidance on ECT recommended that ‘‘ECT is used only to achieve rapid and short-term improvement of severe symptoms after an adequate trial of other treatment options has proven ineffective or when the condition is considered to be potentially life-threatening in individuals with severe depressive illness, catatonia and a prolonged or severe manic   episod e’’. NICE ( 2003b). I discussed about the routine physical check that should be carried out to make sure that the patient is physically fit for the series of general anaesthetics involved in a course of ECT and the treatment itself. RCN (1987) stipulates that these checks should include full blood count; physical examination, X- rays, ECG, urinalysis, and lever function test (LFT) are required. I also discussed the roles of nurses and student nurses, which includes to   develop   therapeutic relationship with the client to build trust, to     provide emotional and educational support for patient’s behaviour, memory, and functional ability prior and post prior ` ECT. The teaching session was interactive,   the   significance of   my chosen topic was openly discussed     and there was lots of contributions,   questions , comments, and individual opinions was made know. I also delivered teaching on   engaging with client that suffers from severe depression, because it’s a     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  crucial   aspect of care that builds a relationship with clients,   careers   Bleach and Ryan (1995). The teaching style I used was humanistic approach. I made the session interactive and informal. Milligan (1995), Stated that, informal sitting arrangement facilities adults learning and best can be achieved through learning centred approach because it enhances learner’s self- concept, promotes autonomy, self direction and critical thinking. I   Reflected after my teaching session, I had a     reflection on my teaching session and my individual attributes.   Life   is   the basic for reflection and without it ,there appears to be no discernible basis for being and knowing Taylor ( 2002 ). Reflection is also very important in other to respond to clients in an individual way,   and   in other to enhance our   knowledge in a dynamic way to grow professionally and also to   increase how effective   professional . I will be using Gibb’s,   six stage problem solving reflective cycle to evaluate and reflect on my   teaching   session .   Because   it   primarily written as an educational tool for beginner reflectors (Gibbs, 1988). My teaching session focused   on   clients   that   have   mental health problem   with severe depression. The teaching session was interactive. The role of nurses and student nurses in the care and treatment, the need for engagement, the need for holistic care, the significance of the session to the placement area and care delivery for clients .The importance of the session to the placement area and care delivery for clients. This   session   also focused on some Mental health nurse that view clients with depression as difficult and challenging to be professional and give holistic care without prejudice. I was very nervous at the   start of the teaching session, most especially about the fact that l might not be able to answer questions I will be asked after the teaching session . But within   a short time l became very relaxed, the staff showed interest in the topic and the handout was a great help. I had to do an evaluation on the whole session, to determine whether or not the teaching and learning had been effective, l felt confidence, because the aims, objective and positive   opinion l targeted to put across in the session was well explained and analysed by me and it was well received and understood by the listeners. The challenge l faced was distraction during the session. Because of   some staff had to excused themselves to attend to emergency on the ward,   Ã‚  distress calls,   depot to be administered and emergency reviews with the consultant. I was able to pin point my weaknesses and strengths from   and how l can improve   better   after l collected the evaluation forms l gave out after the teaching session.   Richardson ( 2005) ,stated that Questionnaires for feedback are important in establishing the quality and effectiveness of teaching.   This feedback help my teaching method   and   style to become more effective in future. I realised l had to take criticism more positively for my   teaching   session   to   be more   effective and successful. I also felt l needed to be more competent. What   I   could have done better when it arose again ,l will include the roles of relatives and careers   in my   presentation because   they play a vital role in the clients well being. I should have also   included literature related all pre- treatment checklists in my handout , as staff criticised me positively about these two points listed.   Also, I   will   have   given   out pamphlets to back up handouts distributed. I should also have researched recent studies to   support   my teaching session, l will also involve my mentor in supervising my presentations before l start the teaching session. Supervision is a pedagogical process where clinical experiences are made clear and systematized in a professional context  Ã‚   Severinsson ( 1994 ). In conclusion, this assignment has facilitate me to   improve my confidence and competence in delivery   teaching   session. The teaching session has helped   me to reflect on positive and negative feedbacks. In     addition, l am able to take criticism   positively and constructively. The teaching session has helped   me to recognise hindrances   to successful teaching session, teaching styles, difficulty   to learning understanding learning for teaching , arrangement , delivery and evaluation of teaching sessions. furthermore this experience has made me to be aware of my learning style. My learning style is a reflector (a reflector takes a more cautious approach and thinks things though before committing to action)   . This teaching session knowledge has widened my skills, values and competencies. In future, teaching session by writer will be more professional, evidence based and competent. REFERENCES. Armitage, A., Bryant, R., Dunnill, R., Renwick, M., Hayes, D., Hudson, A., Kent, J Lawes, S. (2003) Teaching and Training in Post-Compulsory Education. 2nd ed. Berkshire: Open University Press. Bleach, A and Ryan, P (1995). Engagement and relationship in community support for Mental Health. London; The Sainsbury centre for mental health. Erickson, B,L and Strommer, D,W. (1991) Teaching college Freshmen. Sam Francisco, Jossey-Bass. Fleming, N. Baume, D. (2006) ‘Learning Styles Again: VARKing up the Right Tree!’ Educational Developments 7 (4) pp. 4-7. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing: A Guide to teaching methods. Further education unit, oxford Brookes University. Hillier, Y. (2002) Reflective Teaching in Further and Adult Education. London: Continuum. Honey P and Mumford A (1992) The manual of Learning Styles, 3rd edition, Maidenhead: Peter  Ã‚  Ã‚   Honey Publications. Kolb D (1984) Experiential Learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Milligan, F (1995). In the defence of andragogy. Nurse Education Today 15:22-27. NANCY, E.B. AND JAMES, W.J. (2002) Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Guide.   Madison, USA: Madison Institute of Medicine. NATIONAL INSTITUTE for HEALTH AND CLINICAL EXCELLENCE, NICE (2003a) Appraisal of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Decision of Appeal Panel. London: NICE. NATIONAL INSTITUTE for HEALTH AND CLINICAL EXCELLENCE, NICE (2003b) Guidance on the Use of Electro Convulsive Therapy, Technology Appraisal No 59. London: NICE Penner, J.G (1984). Why many college teachers cannot lecture. Springfield Ill, Thomas. Reece, I. Walker, S. (2003) Teaching, Training and Learning: a Practical Guide. 5th ed. Tyne and Wear: Business Education Publishers Limited. Richardson, T. (2005) Instruments for obtaining student feedback: a review of the literature Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education 30 (4) pp. 387-415. Severinsson, E (1994). The concept of supervision in psychiatry care-compare with leadership and mentorship; A review of literature. Journal of Nursing management 2,271-278. Shulman, L.S (1987). Knowledge and Teaching Foundation of the New reform. Harvard Education Review, 57(1) 1-22. Spouse J (1998) Learning to Nurse Through Legitimate Peripheral Participation, Nurse Education Today, Vol 18, pp345-351. Taylor, B (2001) Reflective Practice. A guide for Nursing and midwives. Berkshire: Open University Press. [/level-freee-rstricted]

Common Aspects in the Articles The Effect of Television Viewing on Term Paper

Common Aspects in the Articles The Effect of Television Viewing on Adolescents Civic Participation and Not Necessarily Not the News - Term Paper Example In The Effect of Television Viewing on Adolescents’ Civic Participation, Hoffman and Thomson have vividly analyzed how the trend of political activeness among the younger generation has been twisted by media in the recent past. Aaron McKain, in Not Necessarily Not the News, has also been able to distinguish between the parody news and the conventional counterpart. These two articles have shared various ideas concerning the parody of The Daily Show to a great extent. However, the two also display some disparities in their findings on the youth and political participation.   An overview of both the Effect of Television Viewing on Adolescents’ Civic Participation and Not Necessarily Not the News reveals the two share some common grounds. On clear agreement between the two is that the late-night comedy news has gradually increased political participation, including the voter turnout among the youth. For example, with the relentless effort of Stewart, the host of The Daily Show, about 75% of the young adults volunteered for civic participation in the year 2001 (Hoffman, 3). However, the Effect of Television Viewing on Adolescents’ Civic Participation does not only focus on Stewart’s show; it attributes the increase to other similar late shows and comedies that portray the political situations in the nation. McKain seems to go in the same direction as Hoffman and Thomson. He states that in 2004, there was a significant increase in the number of politically active young Americans. The increase was estimated at 23% (McKain, 1). A similar instance was noticed in 2000 when over 39% of the young people aged between 18 and 29 claimed that they had received the news of campaign from the late night comedy shows such as The Daily Show.

The consequances of divorce on parents and children Research Paper

The consequances of divorce on parents and children - Research Paper Example The first stage is shock. When a spouse decides to divorce his or her partner, the partner may feel numb at first because such numbness protects him or her from the pain. When the truth sinks in, that is when he or she would feel the enormous emotional pain. Next is the denial stage. When the truth is too hard to accept, the partner being divorced may choose to deny it and live life as if nothing happened. However, he or she would need to be constantly reminded of the truth, and if necessary, even be provoked to face it just so he/she can move on. The next stage is anger. This is the outpouring of emotions that the partner may have repressed in the earlier stages and vent it out to anyone. Constant questioning and lamenting about how unfair it is to be in such a situation accompanies the anger. As soon as the anger is let out, clarity of mind may be expected after. When the anger has been expressed and dissipated, the bargaining stage comes next. The partner being divorced may ask fo r a second chance or the. If the bargaining is unsuccessful and nothing can be done to stop the divorce from happening, he/she may fall into the depression stage. He/ She can be hopeless, devastated and unable to continue living normally. He/She may also tend to withdraw from their personal relationships with other people and keep to themselves. Although still in a state of depression, grieving people may come to a point when they realize they cannot be helpless forever and try some things that may be more proactive. It has been identified to be the initial step towards the acceptance stage. People in the testing stage now look into the practical things that could be done while there is still an opportunity. Finally, they come to the stage of acceptance and readiness to move on to the next phase of their lives. This may take a while longer depending on their capacity to heal from the emotional hurt that the divorce has caused. B. Children The children may feel abandoned and at a los s when their parents decide to divorce. Some may blame themselves and believe it is their fault that their parents’ marriage did not work out as it should. They may be torn between which parent they would prefer to be with and undergo strong ambivalent emotions toward one or both parents. For some children, loss of self-confidence and self-esteem will affect their productivity especially in school. Some children will display rebellious behaviour while others will be overly solicitous of the parent they are left with. The children may also go through the stages of grief discussed above and try all means to get their parents back together and strive to be a whole family again. It is a very emotional period in their lives. II. Social Consequences of Divorce A. Economic Espenshade (1979) explain that divorce affects the family’s economic standing but since families’ needs for income may differ according to the family size and composition, the economic effect may be not be standard. A study by Hoffman (1977) conclude that women are at a much greater disadvantage economically than men as they experience a reduction in living standards whereas their former husbands experience a gain. This may be due to the fact that wives mostly have

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 41

Case Study - Essay Example The company’s four strategies – availability, affordability, acceptability, and activation – provide manufacturing flexibility that allows the broadening of the product portfolio while pursuing the most cost effective route to market for order taking and delivery to customers. Information technology is one of the key drivers to an efficient supply chain management. In 2005, the CCHBC invested heavily in technology applications by introducing a single largest and the most successful roll-out of SAP–based Advanced Planning Optimizer (APO). This has enabled CCHBC to optimize and coordinate operations within its whole network and across borders by consolidating the best practices on a single, standard enterprise platform. This platform facilitates alignment of supply chain and demand planning, which is effective for efficient sales and operation planning. Information technology has led to the creation of cost saving opportunities and leadership in the field of fast-selling goods. CCHBC can bring about integration in the supply chain by outsourcing some of its operations internally and externally. Internally, the company can outsource goods or services within its supply network. The company should be keen on the decision which goods or services it seeks to outsource for effective integration. In the process of business outsourcing, the company should seek to regulate the period of outsource because this can lead to the loss of in-house expertise. Externally, the company can seek to outsource globally. Most organizations seek this kind of business outsourcing because of the low costs and skills available internationally. Global outsourcing enables the purchasers to tap into technological expertise that may not be available in their native countries. It also creates a global process network amongst its suppliers, which, in turn, creates a pool of promising synergies to increase their

Study of emotion Essay Example for Free

Study of emotion Essay The results of primate studies have developed in the scientific community a common belief that the amygdala plays a central role in mediating emotions, the anxious temperament and fearful responses. From this generalization, it can be further inferred that a fully intact amygdala, with all others that constitute the brain anatomy in a normal condition, could effect a normal reaction in primates upon exposure to a stimulus (i. e. hostility: defensive stance; threat: fear). On the other hand, a lesioned amygdala can result in abnormal or even totally lack of reaction upon exposure to stimulus. In an article by Kalin, et. al. , (2001), the exposure of lesioned monkeys to unfamiliar threats such as snake and an unknown hostile male resulted to blunted fear responses. This confirms the hypothesis on the role of the amygdala in mediating emotional responses. In mediating fear, information first reaches the eye which will then travel to the thalamus and to the amygdala. The result is a quick registration of any perceived danger to effect a quick response. This is the direct subcortical pathway. In the cortical pathway, information passes to the visual cortex first before passing to the amygdala, allowing for conscious consideration of the danger involved after the initial rapid response. Rapid response is made possible by the innervation of the adrenal glands by the sympathetic axons to produce hormones such as adrenalin, noradrenalin or cortisol which hill hasten blood flow (Peacock, 2005). The registration of danger, and thus, fear is slowed or made impossible by the damage in the amygdala in lesioned monkeys. Still, another part of this article shows that lesioned and unlesioned monkeys showed no differences in emotional processing when exposed to a human intruder. This inconsistency poses a challenge on the notion about the role of the amygdala in mediating behaviors and emotional responses. One possible reason for this inconsistency is that the monkeys have been exposed to human since childhoold (Kalin, et. al. , 2001). In the expression of emotions and behaviors associated with retained memories, a functional amygdala is not necessary (McGaugh, et.al. , 1996) because while the amygdala is necessary in mediating fear, other structures have a more direct function in mediating long-term nonspecific anxiety responses (Davis, et. al. , 1997) These include the bed nucleus in the stria terminalis and the orbitofrontal cortex which may not have been damaged during the exposure. With the orbitorfrontal cortex mediating anxious temperaments based on appraised consequences, input from the amygdala becomes uncritical (Kalin, et. al. , 2001). The amygdala, after all, is involved only in the processing of new and ambigious threatening situations (Whalen, 1998) which may not characterize their exposure to the humans. Physiological psychology gives light to a perspective that is almost completely removed from explanations arising from social biases. The subjectivity of social sciences allows more leeway for as many numbers of interpretations as there are interpreters and gives rise to more confusion rather than understanding. A more objective approach allows an in-depth, more scientific, more uniform appreciation of emotion. That is, even without access to a person’s historical background or experiences, one can predict anyone’s actions by mere examination of one’s anatomy and physiology. Works Cited Davis M, Walker DL, Lee Y (1997) Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci . 352:1675-1687 Kalin NH, Shelton SE, et. al. (2001). The primate amygdala mediates acute fear but not the behavioral and physiological components of anxious temperament. J Neuroscience. 21(6):2067-2074 McGaugh JL, Cahill L, Roozendaal B (1996) Involvement of the amygdala in memory storage: interactions with other brain systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci . 93:13508-13514 Peacock, S. (2005). Behavior, Physiology and Fear. Mind. Retrieved 05 May 2008 from http://mind. in/node/195. Whalen PJ (1998) Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 7:177-188.

World Trade Organisation and Legalization :: essays research papers fc

"The WTO is now a debating society with a Supreme Court". Has the legalization of the WTO weakened its diplomacy-based negotiating mechanism? With the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), dispute settlement has moved to the centre stage of the multilateral trading order. Hence, in this essay I will consider the effects of the new Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) on trade relations. At first, I will illustrate how the DSM operates and how it is different from dispute settlement under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Secondly, I will underline the relative success of the new DSM but also point to some emerging problems and weaknesses inherent in a highly legalized DSM. I will conclude that the DSM has weakened the WTO’s diplomacy-based negotiating mechanism as the emphasis of dispute settlement has markedly shifted from political bargaining to legal proceedings. Yet, I will contend that the description of the WTO as a â€Å"debating society† is inadequate since member states are explicitly creating and enforcing trade rules rather then just debating over them. Moreover, to portray the new DSM as a â€Å"Supreme Court† seems implausible since on the one hand, it represents an ad-hoc two-tier system and not a full time court; on the other, it still supports and favours out-of-court settlements at almost any stage of the legal process. The goal of establishing a more effective DSM during the Uruguay Round negotiations was to foster the creation of a â€Å"rule-oriented system† that gives guidance in the way of predictable and generally stable rules to all participants of the multilateral world trading system (Article 3.2 of the DSU ). Although international trade is understood in the WTO as the flow of goods and services between members, it is typically not conducted by states, but rather by private economic actors. These market participants need stability and predictability in the government laws, rules and regulations applying to their commercial activity, especially when they conduct trade on the basis of long-term transactions. Hence, the DSU aims to provide a fast, efficient, dependable and rule-oriented system to resolve disputes about the application of the provisions of the WTO agreement. An interesting facet of the cases brought so far to the DSM is the much higher amount of participation by develop ing countries. They have brought a number of the cases themselves, even against some of the big industrial trading entities (Thailand vs. US in December 2004 or Korea vs.

ANOREXIA :: essays research papers

Anorexia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever seen people constantly playing with their food? One might think they have a stomach problem or are not interested in food. Actually, they might be hiding the symptoms of a disease which affects millions of Americans. The National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders says that there is an estimated 7 million females and 1 million males who suffer with this disorder. This disease is known as anorexia. There are many factors that influence people to become anorexic. When they are diagnosed with anorexia they have to face many consequences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anorexia is the most common and well known eating disorder (Harris 2). It is a deliberate self starvation disorder. Even if you do eat anything, it will only be in tiny portions (Sandra Arbetter 8). They fear becoming fat (Goleman 11). This disease is mainly found in teens(Taibbi 29). There is not a single distinct reason why people become anorexic but doctors are aware of causes that influence them (duke edu. 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A major cause of anorexia is having a weight disturbance also known as a distorted body image. Anorexics view their bodies differently than others. They never see themselves too thin, and feel fat and over estimate their weight (Arbetter 7,8). For most girls, the ideal body image is to be thinner and for boys to be built and muscular (Arbetter 11). Another cause of anorexia is a persons desire for entire control of their body, they want independence and expertise (NY at Buffalo 2). They feel a pressure from not meeting other peoples expectations which in turn leads them to become perfectionists. If they are less than perfect they feel like failures (NY at Buffalo 2, duke edu. 1). Their self esteem is low and they think only looks count. They believe that their body is trouble. Food becomes an instrument to show anger and rebellion against the family (Arbetter 8-10). A change in relationship, death, divorce or romantic breakup or a new job, home, and school can also cause anorexia. These situations cannot be controlled by them. Young people feel they can only control their bodies so they starve themselves (duke edu. 1). Preteens or teens may feel insecure wit h their new appearance as they develop physically and begin having feelings of sexuality. Being uncomfortable with their body, they feel that if they starve themselves they will revert back to their old body (NY at Buffalo 2 & Arbetter 8).

Immediate environment Essay

The human condition presents us with unavoidable difficulties which, in turn, require us to make personal choices. The capacity to make a choice and its corresponding responsibilities render reflective thinking as constitutive of what it means to be a human being and what it means to be a Self. It is in this conscious activity of making a choice that the will makes itself manifest. In a sense, a choice is an expression of one’s will, of one’s subjectivity. For Kierkegaard (1999), this subjectivity constitutes the uniqueness of the individual’s existence. Kierkegaard provides us with an idea of how to approach the problem of existence, that is, by focusing our attention to the concrete individual who makes personal choices and acts out on these choices. He breaks away from the ancient Greeks’ extreme emphasis on rationality and objectivity and its general problems. This is evident in his critical appraisal of the Greek tragedy. He claims, â€Å"The reason is of course to be found in the fact that in the ancient world subjectivity was not fully conscious and reflective† (Kierkegaard, 1992, p. 142). He goes on to add, â€Å"Even though the individual moved freely, he still depended on substantial categories, on state, family, and destiny† (Kierkegaard, 1992, p. 142). This is another way of stating that even if the self can experience the state of freedom and in fact actualize this freedom by portraying its capacity to perform autonomous acts, the self continues to be affected by the factors in its immediate environment. Kierkegaard’s elaboration sheds light on the importance of authentic choice in terms of generating our conception of selfhood. In the case of the tragic hero, the fatalistic mindset of the ancient Greeks can bring serious doubts on the question regarding the authenticity of the tragic hero’s choices. Given that the individual cannot really divorce himself away from substantial categories, how can we establish that it is the individual who defines himself and not the other way around? Choice is an integral aspect of Kierkegaard’s gradual development of the Self. It is important to note that the development of the Self is gradual as it goes through certain stages where the quality of one’s existence is improved via an act of choice. This is to say that the individual and his conception of the Self ascend from one stage to another. Such ascension indicates that the individual is in the process of actualization. For Kierkegaard (1992), the aesthetic stage is a stage where one’s sense of the Self is governed by the sensual, impulses and emotions. This stage presents the individual with an illusion of freedom. In essence though, the aesthetic stage, although seemingly attractive, is in reality, destructive. He claims, â€Å"We said that every aesthetic life-view was despair; this was because it was built upon what may or may not be† (Kierkegaard, 1992, p. 525). These are the reasons as to why the aesthetic stage cannot lead to a progressive actualization of the individual. Apparently, it is also the attractiveness and the emptiness of the kind of life in the aesthetic stage which leads the individual to transcend sensual existence and ascend to the ethical stage. From reading Kierkegaard, it seems to me that the substantial differentiation between the aesthetic and the ethical person/stage rests on the is-ought distinction. Kierkegaard claims, â€Å"The aesthetic factor in a person is that by which he is immediately what he is; the ethical factor is that by which he becomes what he becomes† (1992, p. 492). The ethical person is, therefore, a person who subscribes to the demands of reason; and the ethical life is a life devoted to the pursuit of moral goodness. It is, however, important to note that Kierkegaard’s phrase â€Å"by which he becomes what he becomes† implies both commitment and choice on the part of the individual. The difference between Descartes and Kierkegaard is, at this point, very obvious. Descartes focuses on the grand problems of universal import, such as existence in its universal sense. Kierkegaard (1992), on the other hand, focuses on the concrete individual and his concrete existence. In the end, it can be said that the conception of the Self is a product of the concrete choices of the individual as they present themselves in the course of the individual’s existence. The actualization of one’s Self requires something more than choice, that is, action. Aside from action, something more is required, that is, committing oneself to the choice that he makes and his actions as a product of one’s rational deliberation. Reference Kierkegaard, S. (1992). Either/or: a fragment of life. London: Penguin.